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<title>Concurrent Pascal</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Concurrent Pascal</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Concurrent Pascal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">Imperative</a>, <a href="Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a>, <a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">concurrent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Wirth</a> <a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Per_Brinch_Hansen" title="Per Brinch Hansen">Per Brinch Hansen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">April 1974<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1974-04</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Static and dynamic</a>, <a href="Type_system#Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Type system">strong</a>, <a href="Type_system#Safely_and_unsafely_typed_systems" title="Type system">safe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="PDP_11" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP 11">PDP 11</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a>, <a href="Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a> 67, <a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Concurrent Pascal</b> is a <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> designed by <a href="Per_Brinch_Hansen" title="Per Brinch Hansen">Per Brinch Hansen</a> for writing <a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">concurrent computing</a> programs such as <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and <a href="Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time computing</a> monitoring systems on <a href="Shared_memory" title="Shared memory">shared memory</a> computers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A separate language, <i>Sequential Pascal</i>, is used as the language for applications programs run by the operating systems written in Concurrent Pascal. Both languages are extensions of <a href="Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a>'s <a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, and share a common threaded code <a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following describes how Concurrent Pascal differs from Wirth's Pascal.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_description">Language description</h2></div>

<p>Several constructs in Pascal were removed from Concurrent Pascal for simplicity and security:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li>Variant records</li>

<li><a href="Goto" title="Goto">Goto</a> statement, and labels</li>

<li><a href="Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">Procedures as parameters</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_structure_alignment" title="Data structure alignment">Packed arrays</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">Pointer types</a></li>

<li>File types, and associated standard <a href="Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> procedures</li></ul>

<p>These omissions make it possible to guarantee, by a combination of compile-time checks and minimal run-time checking in the threaded-code interpreter, that a program can not damage itself or another program by addressing outside its allotted space.

</p><p>Concurrent Pascal includes class, monitor, and process data types. Instances of these types are declared as variables, and initialized in an <code><a href="Init" title="Init">init</a></code> statement.

</p><p>Classes and monitors are similar: both package private variables and procedures with public procedures (called procedure entries). A class instance can be used by only one process, whereas a monitor instance may be shared by processes. Monitors provide the only mechanism for interprocess communication in a Concurrent Pascal program.

</p><p>Only one process can execute within a given monitor instance at a time. A built in data type, the queue, together with operations <code>delay</code> and <code>continue</code>, are used for scheduling within monitors. Each variable of type queue can hold one process. If many processes are to be delayed in a monitor, multiple queue variables, usually organized as an array, must be provided. The single process queue variable gives a monitor full control over medium-term scheduling, but the programmer is responsible for unblocking the correct process.

</p><p>A process, like a class or monitor, has local variables, procedures, and an initial statement, but has no procedure entries. The initial statement ordinarily executes forever, calling local procedures, class procedures, and monitor procedures. Processes communicate through monitor procedures. Language rules prevent deadlock by imposing a hierarchy on monitors. But nothing can prevent a monitor from erroneously forgetting to unblock a delayed process (by not calling continue) so the system can still effectively hang up through programming errors.

</p><p>The configuration of processes, monitors, and classes in a Concurrent Pascal program is normally established at the start of execution, and is not changed thereafter. The communication paths between these components are established by variables passed in the <code>init</code> statements, since class and monitor instance variables cannot be used as procedure parameters.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2></div>

<p>The following example shows the declaration of a simple monitor, and its use by two communicating processes.

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<span class="s">"Bounded buffer monitor"</span>

<span class="n">buffer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Monitor</span>

<span class="n">saved</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="s">"saved item is an integer"</span>

<span class="n">fullq</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">emptyq</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Queue</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="s">"used by only two processes"</span>

<span class="n">full</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Boolean</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="s">"true if an item is saved:"</span>

<span class="s">"Puts item in buffer"</span>

<span class="n">procedure</span> <span class="n">entry</span> <span class="n">put</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="n">begin</span>

<span class="n">delay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fullq</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="s">"block if full"</span>

<span class="n">saved</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">item</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="s">"save the item"</span>

<span class="n">continue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">emptyq</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="s">"unblock consumer"</span>

<span class="s">"Gets item from the buffer"</span>

<span class="n">procedure</span> <span class="n">entry</span> <span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">var</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="n">begin</span>

<span class="n">delay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">emptyq</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="s">"block if empty"</span>

<span class="n">item</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">saved</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="s">"get the item"</span>

<span class="n">full</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">false</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="s">"mark as not full"</span>

<span class="n">continue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fullq</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="s">"unblock producer"</span>

<span class="s">"Initialize the monitor"</span>

<span class="n">begin</span>

<span class="n">full</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">false</span>

<span class="s">"Producer uses a buffer"</span>

<span class="n">producer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pass</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Buffer</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="n">var</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="n">begin</span>

<span class="n">cycle</span> <span class="s">"execute in a loop forever"</span>

<span class="s">"produce an item"</span>

<span class="n">pass</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">put</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="s">"pass an item to the monitor"</span>

<span class="s">"Consumer uses a buffer"</span>

<span class="n">consumer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pass</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Buffer</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="n">var</span> <span class="n">item</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Integer</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="n">begin</span>

<span class="n">cycle</span>

<span class="n">pass</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="s">"get an item from the monitor"</span>

<span class="s">"consume the item"</span>

<span class="s">"declare instances of the monitor, producer, and consumer"</span>

<span class="s">"give the producer and consumer access to the monitor"</span>

<span class="n">pass</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Buffer</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="n">prod</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Producer</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="n">cons</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Consumer</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="n">begin</span>

<span class="n">init</span> <span class="n">pass</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"initialize the monitor"</span>

<span class="n">prod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pass</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">"start the producer process"</span>

<span class="n">cons</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pass</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="s">"start the consumer process"</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBrinch_Hansen1975" class="citation journal cs1">Brinch Hansen, Per (June 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brinch-hansen.net/papers/1975a.pdf">"The programming language Concurrent Pascal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering</i> (2): <span class="nowrap">199–</span>207. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftse.1975.6312840">10.1109/tse.1975.6312840</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrinch_Hansen1977" class="citation book cs1">Brinch Hansen, Per (1977). <i>The Architecture of Concurrent Programs</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-13-044628-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Pascal_programming_language_family576" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal programming language</a> family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Pascal_Script" title="Pascal Script">Pascal Script</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a></li>

<li><a href="Clascal" title="Clascal">Clascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Joyce_(programming_language)" title="Joyce (programming language)">Joyce</a></li>

<li><a href="SuperPascal" title="SuperPascal">SuperPascal</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">Compilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi</a> (<a href="History_of_Delphi_(software)" title="History of Delphi (software)">history</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a></li>

<li><a href="Pascal_(programming_language)#Compilers_and_interpreters" title="Pascal (programming language)">VSI Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="IP_Pascal" title="IP Pascal">IP Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Pascal" title="Free Pascal">Free Pascal</a> (<a href="Lazarus_(software)" title="Lazarus (software)">Lazarus</a>)</li>

<li><a href="PascalABC.NET" title="PascalABC.NET">PascalABC.NET</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Pascal" title="GNU Pascal">GNU Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbo51" title="Turbo51">Turbo51</a></li>

<li><a href="Pic_Micro_Pascal" title="Pic Micro Pascal">Pic Micro Pascal</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Virtual_Pascal" title="Virtual Pascal">Virtual Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_Pascal" title="Apple Pascal">Apple Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Borland_Kylix" title="Borland Kylix">Borland Kylix</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbo_Pascal" title="Turbo Pascal">Turbo Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Pascal" title="Microsoft Pascal">Microsoft Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="UCSD_Pascal" title="UCSD Pascal">UCSD Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="JRT_Pascal" title="JRT Pascal">JRT Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Pascal/MT%2B" title="Pascal/MT+">Pascal/MT+</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="API" title="API">API</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="FireMonkey" title="FireMonkey">FireMonkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_Windows_Library" title="Object Windows Library">Object Windows Library</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenWire_(library)" title="OpenWire (library)">OpenWire</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbo_Vision" title="Turbo Vision">Turbo Vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Component_Library" title="Visual Component Library">Visual Component Library</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">Microcomputer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pascal_MicroEngine" title="Pascal MicroEngine">Pascal MicroEngine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparisons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_Pascal_and_C" title="Comparison of Pascal and C">Pascal and C</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Pascal_and_Delphi" title="Comparison of Pascal and Delphi">Pascal and Delphi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Generic_programming#Genericity_in_Pascal" title="Generic programming">Genericity</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><span class="nobold">Related to</span></dt>

<dd><a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> (1958)</dd>

<dd><a href="Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a> (1977)</dd>

<dd><a href="Oberon_(programming_language)" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon</a> (1986)</dd>

<dd><a href="Modula-3" title="Modula-3">Modula-3</a> (1988)</dd>

<dd><a href="Oberon-2" title="Oberon-2">Oberon-2</a> (1991)</dd>

<dd><a href="Component_Pascal" title="Component Pascal">Component Pascal</a> (1991)</dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2022-04-28" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Concurrent_Pascal&oldid=1085060772">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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